抖音出海的机会与挑战

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如今中国的互联网江湖,鲜有人再提当年的B-A-T。

如今中国的互联网江湖,鲜有人再提当年的B-A-T。如果再度听到,A还是那个阿里,T还是那个腾讯,但B却已不是那个百度,而是字节跳动(ByteDance) - 也就是今日头条、抖音等一系列热门应用的母公司。

01 字节跳动 - 从今日头条,到抖音,再到TikTok

北京字节跳动科技有限公司正式成立于2012年,首款热门产品就是今日头条。前些年曾看到过坊间流传的字节跳动早期融资计划书,落款日期是2013年1月。当时公司的主打产品今日头条,定位于:基于社交挖掘和个性化推荐的新媒体。

凭借今日头条等一系列千人千面的推荐式信息流移动产品,字节跳动在中国的互联网江湖打出了属于自己的一片天地。而真正送字节跳动上青云的,是后来推出的短视频App抖音。其实抖音是2016年9月才发行的,在上线的前半年里一直都没有引起公众的注意。笔者第一次关注到抖音,是通过爱奇艺的综艺节目《中国有嘻哈》,那可能是抖音第一次大手笔的赞助推广。从敢于押注《中国有嘻哈》这样一款当时比较出位的节目,就能看出抖音的定位注重:个性真实,放纵不羁又与众不同。后来的故事大家都熟悉了,《中国有嘻哈》一度被封杀,而抖音却平步青云,火遍大江南北。根据《2019抖音数据报告》显示,截至2020年1月,抖音日活跃用户数已突破4亿,成为国内最大的短视频平台并继续领跑市场

抖音并没有止步于国内,通过海外同款产品TikTok,一路将短视频的热潮燃烧到了海外。在全球200多个国家和地区中,印度一直是App Store和Google Play中TikTok的下载主力。此外,在美国、土耳其、俄罗斯等国家,TikTok也十分受欢迎。产品诞生刚四年,出海三年,TikTok的战绩卓著,但也充满挑战。尤其在应用出海方面,作为中国应用出海比较成功的移动产品,TikTok始终位于舆论与监管的风口浪尖。先是遭到印尼政府的封杀,接着遭到印度联邦政府要求下架,而另一边美国政府也是全年无休的各种“找茬”,主要理由还是“个人隐私”与“网络威胁”。

02 经济学人看TikTok

2020年4月18日刊《经济学人》有很多有趣的内容,封面文章就是Is China Winning?(翻译过来不就是咱们常说的:中或最赢?)。关于地缘政治方面的分析文章不在此多述,其中倒是有一篇内容,谈到头条系产品TikTok出海的现状与困境,折射出很多中资企业出海都可能会遇到的问题,在此与大家分享。

译者  混沌超

Unabashed / 毫不掩饰

一般来说,如果你用unabashed来描述某人,那就表示他们对某件事没有感到羞耻,尴尬或害羞,尤其是当你认为大多数人都应该为此感到羞耻的时候。

China’s first global software company is going from strength to strength. America doesn’t like it one bit.

中国首家全球性跨国软件公司正在不断壮大,但美国方面一点也不喜欢

As covid-19 has forced the world’s teenagers out of school and into their rooms, they have turned to a familiar digital companion, TikTok. The short-video app was downloaded 115m times in March. Its nearly 1bn regular users enjoy silly clips of dog antics alongside pandemic advice from the World Health Organisation. Collectively, TikTok videos tagged with #coronavirus have been watched 53bn times.

covid-19迫使世界各地的青少年辍学居家,于是他们转向了熟悉的数字伴侣TikTok(抖音海外版)。这个短视频应用三月的下载量是1.15亿次。将近10亿用户刷着呆萌的狗狗滑稽视频,来响应世卫组织(减少社交出行)的疫情建议。总体看来,以#新冠病毒为标签的TikTok视频已被观看了530亿次。

TikTok’s popularity over the past two years has shone the spotlight on Byte-Dance, its Beijing-based developer. Founded by a Chinese computer scientist, Zhang Yiming, in 2011, it is now the world’s biggest unlisted technology “unicorn”, recently valued at between $90bn and $100bn. It is also the only technology firm bar Apple with more than 100m users in both China and America, where TikTok has taken on the likes of YouTube and Instagram.

TikTok在过去两年中的走红,使其北京开发主体字节跳动成为人们关注的焦点。该公司由中国计算机科学家张一鸣于2011年创立,如今已成为全球最大的非上市的科技“独角兽”,最近期的估值在900亿至1000亿美元之间。它也是除了苹果之外,在中国和美国都拥有超过1亿用户的科技公司,TikTok收缴的正是这一片儿本该属于油管和Ins的点赞。

And ByteDance isn’t done. The 60,000people in its buzzy offices—“We are like flies,” says one former employee—crank out one app after another. In the past year it has launched a worldwide corporate-software service (Lark), a music-streaming app in India and Indonesia (Resso) and, in China, a messaging rival to WeChat. As other firms sack workers amid covid-19, Byte-Dance is hiring 10,000 globally. It plans to employ 30,000 on top of that this year.

字节跳动尚未罢手。一位前员工表示,在繁忙的办公室中有6万人“就像苍蝇一样”一个又一个地推出新的应用程序。在过去一年中,字节跳动推出了一项全球企业级软件服务(Lark),这是一个在印度和印尼(Resso)的音乐播放应用程序,而在中国,它是微信的竞争对手。当其他公司在疫情期间裁员的时候,字节跳动正在全球招聘10,000名员工。该公司计划今年再聘用30,000名员工。

ByteDance is not the first Chinese firm with foreign ambitions. Commodity giants such as cnooc, an oil firm, have been buying foreign reserves, and rivals, since the 1990s. In the past decade industrial giants have pursued Western competitors from carmaking (as with Geely’s purchase of Volvo) to chemicals (ChemChina’s of Syngenta). More haphazardly, conglomerates like Fosun and Anbang splurged on trophy assets (including Club Med and the Waldorf Astoria hotel, respectively).

字节跳动并不是第一家有海外扩张野心的中国企业。自90年代以来,诸如中海油(Cnooc)这样的大宗商品巨头就一直在购买外汇储备及收购竞争对手。而在过去的十年中,(中国的)工业巨头则一直在追赶西方对手,从汽车制造(吉利收购沃尔沃)到化学药品(中国化工收购先正达)。更为随意的是,像复星和安邦这样的集团还把钱挥霍在了收购炫耀性资产上(分别收购了地中海俱乐部Club Med和华尔道夫酒店Waldorf Astoria)。

“trophy assets”:笔者的理解是“炫耀性资产”,从投资角度讲,往往是指投入产出不成正比但却令持有者很有面子的资产,所以文中也用到了“splurged”(挥霍)。其实在西方,包括知名的地标建筑,足球、橄榄球、篮球、棒球球队等收购,大都可以视为“trophy assets”。

Unlike most of its peripatetic predecessors, though, ByteDance has built its empire by making products that appeal beyond China. It is China’s first global software giant. It has also courted foreign investors. Filings in Hong Kong show that it has used an arrangement called the “Sina structure”, which allows it to accept money from abroad, since its founding (many Chinese tech firms turn to this structure only when eyeing a stockmarket listing in America). Around 80% of ByteDance’s investors are non-Chinese. So are four of its five board members. The other is Mr Zhang.

但不同于大多数走马灯式的前任们,字节跳动更是通过在中国以外打造具有吸引力的产品来建立自己的帝国。它是(真正意义的)中国第一家全球软件巨头。它还吸引了外国的投资者。香港的备案文件显示,该公司自成立以来就采用了“新浪结构”(即VIE架构),使它可以从国外接受资金(许多中国科技公司仅在考虑在美国的股票上市时才会搭建这种结构)。字节跳动的投资者中约80%是非中国股东。五位董事会成员中除张一鸣外的四名也非中国籍。

All this helps ensure ByteDance is not, in contrast to many Chinese tech upstarts, in hock to Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent—which is handy, for Bytedance competes with China’s tech titans for ad revenue. It makes most of its money selling ads in its two main Chinese apps: Douyin, a Chinese TikTok, and Toutiao, a multimedia-andnews app akin to Facebook’s newsfeed (its WeChat rival, Duoshan, disappointed). How much money it makes, exactly, is unclear: as a private company Bytedance does not publish its accounts. But leaks and statements from investors put last year’s revenue at between 104bn yuan and 140bn yuan ($15bn-20bn), more than Uber, Snapchat and Twitter combined. Its ad revenues in China surpassed Tencent’s and Baidu’s and now trail only those of Alibaba. It reportedly turned a profit in June 2019, a feat in the world of loss-making unicorns.

所有上述这些,均有助于确保字节跳动不像其他国内的科技新手那样,很容易受到阿里巴巴、百度和腾讯的牵制,因为字节跳动与这些中国科技巨头们一同竞争广告收入。字节跳动主要通过两个中文核心应用程序来赚取广告收益:抖音(中国的TikTok)和今日头条(类似于Facebook的新闻提要的多媒体新闻应用程序)(其开发的微信竞争对手多闪则令人失望)。没法确切的知道字节跳动现在赚多少钱:作为一家私人公司,字节跳动不公开其账目。但是从投资人发出的声明可以看到,字节跳动去年的收入在1040亿元至1400亿元(即150亿至200亿美元)之间,超过Uber,Snapchat和Twitter的总和。字节跳动在中国的广告收入超过了腾讯和百度,现在仅次于阿里巴巴。据报道,它在2019年6月扭亏为盈,这可以算作亏损“独角兽”世界的壮举了。

If the firm generates $25bn in sales this year, as it is expected to despite covid-19, it will have done so three years faster than Facebook. It is the only big Chinese firm whose share of the domestic advertising market is growing fast, from 9% to 17% in 2019, according to Bernstein, a research firm. A recently launched advertising network, Pangle, which lets advertisers reach consumers across any of its non-Chinese apps, may at last help it monetise TikTok.

如果该公司今年的销售额达到250亿美元(考虑到covid-19疫情的影响),它将比Facebook速度还快3年。根据研究公司Bernstein的数据,它是唯一一家国内广告市场份额仍高速增长的中国大企业,已从2019年的9%增长到17%。最近字节跳动启动的广告网络Pangle,可让广告主通过其任何非中文应用程序来吸引消费者,这最终可能会帮助TikTok实现货币化。

Nowonder American rivals are trying to clip its wings. Facebook’s TikTok clone, Lasso, has flopped. YouTube is said to be developing another (called Shorts). But the biggest threat has emerged in the form of America’s government, wary of China’s rise in any sphere.

难怪美国的竞争对手们都在竭力遏制它。Facebook的山寨版TikTok - Lasso已宣告失败。据说YouTube正在开发另一个(称为Shorts)。但它最大的威胁在于美国政府,其对中国在任何领域的崛起都保持警惕。

Politicians in Washington fear that data on American users is being handed to Beijing; that Chinese algorithm designers are infecting impressionable Western youngsters with communist propaganda; and that ByteDance content is censored in line with party whims. In March two Republican senators introduced a bill that would ban TikTok from all government devices. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (cfius) is reviewing Byte-Dance’s acquisition in 2018 of Musical.ly, another app, which had 60m users in America and Europe.

华盛顿的政客担心:美国用户的数据会被交给中国政府;中国的算法工程师正在用令人印象深刻的方式进行共产主义宣传以感染西方年轻人;且字节跳动的内容会根据政党的意图进行审查。3月份,两位共和党参议员提出了一项法案,禁止所有政府机构使用TikTok。美国外国投资委员会(cfius)正在审查字节跳动在2018年对Musical.ly的收购,Musical.ly是另一个在美国和欧洲拥有6000万用户的应用程序。

In statements, TikTok has said that it stores all American “user data in the United States” and that its American operations are “not influenced by any foreign government, including the Chinese government”. The firm is trying to mollify critics and has hired prominent security and legal experts in America to help it. Last month it opened a “transparency centre” in Los Angeles, where it promises to share information about its content-moderation, privacy and security controls, and said it would stop using moderators in China to handle content from users outside the country.

TikTok在声明中表示,已将所有美国的“用户数据存储在美国”,其在美国的业务“不受任何外国政府(包括中国政府)的影响”。该公司正试图平息指责,并聘请了美国著名的安全和法律专家来提供帮助。就在上个月,它在洛杉矶开设了一个“透明中心”,承诺在此共享有关其内容审核,隐私和安全控制的信息,并表示将停止使用在中国的审查员处理来自国外用户的内容。

That, most lawyers and technologists reckon, may help get cfius off its back. Listing ByteDance in Hong Kong, which is under consideration, may also foster trust. So would anointing a non-Chinese successor—though, at 37, Mr Zhang may not be ready to retire. As a last resort, he is said to be willing to contemplate spinning TikTok off. That would cement the digital divide between China and the West—until another hit ByteDance app tries to bridge it.

大多数律师和技术专家认为,这样可能有助于摆脱cfius找的麻烦。字节跳动正在考虑的香港上市,这也可能会增进信任。任命非中国的继任者也有相似效果 — 尽管张一鸣现年才37岁,可能还不准备退休。而作为最后的手段,据说其愿意考虑从字节跳动剥离TikTok。这样有可能弥合中国与西方之间在数字领域的割裂,一直到另一个热门的字节跳动应用程序来试图连接它。

03 后记

与我们之前分析的B站有几分相似之处,抖音也是以拥抱年轻人的态度,通过UGC视频社区迅速发展起来的。一番坊间交流下来,总结抖音的海外版TikTok之所以能够迅速走红,主要归功于三个核心要素:第一,以明星与网红KOL引流,整合社交流量和线下流量的成熟打法不断复制第二,通过大手笔收并购,介入本地市场(为了进军美国市场,字节跳动先是收购美国移动短视频创作者社区“Flipagram”,而后又以10亿美金大手笔收购北美音乐短视频社交产品Musical.ly);第三,全面本土化运营(增加本地线上渠道的投放,本土化内容的改造,采用熟悉了解本土文化的国际人才)。

无论是在东南亚这样的新兴市场,还是在北美这类我们眼中的成熟市场,字节跳动都凭借上述三板斧,通过TikTok的杀手级产品拼出了一片天地,也给力图出海的中国企业淌出了一条路子。不过正如经济学人文章所提到的,中国公司出海的威胁不仅在商业对手,还有西方政府。可以预见的是,无论疫情后续如何发展,中美之间在各个维度的角力与摩擦仍不可避免。前有华为,现有TikTok,学会如何利用国际规则与当地法律武器保护自己,打击对手,攻城略地,将是每一个走向国际化的中资企业的必修之课。

毕竟,世界那么大,不如去闯闯。

格隆汇声明:文中观点均来自原作者,不代表格隆汇观点及立场。特别提醒,投资决策需建立在独立思考之上,本文内容仅供参考,不作为实际操作建议,交易风险自担。

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